Modeling the Bull Run River-Reservoir System

The City of Portland, Water Bureau currently operates 2 Bull Run reservoirs, Reservoir #2 and Reservoir #1 as a water supply source in the Bull Run watershed shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The Water Bureau wants to operate their water supply system in order to meet both water supply objectives and fish habitat objectives downstream of the Bull Run reservoirs in Bull Run River. In addition, a third Bull Run reservoir has been proposed as an additional water supply source. This reservoir also may be used to meet water supply and fish habitat objectives in Bull Run River. This proposal addresses performing the following tasks to evaluate these objectives: Gather data to construct a computer simulation model of the Bull Run system including Bull Run River, Bull Run Reservoirs #1 through #3 and the river basin without reservoirs. Ensure that the model accurately represents the system physics, chemistry and biology. Use the model to evaluate how to meet water supply and fish habitat objectives by implementation of management scenarios

Modeling Thermal Stratification Effects in Lakes and Reservoirs

A brief overview of characteristics of stratified water bodies is followed by an in-depth analysis of the governing equations for modeling hydrodynamics and water quality. Equations are presented for continuity or the fluid mass balance; x-momentum, y-momentum, and z-momentum equations; mass constituent balance equation; the heat balance equation for temperature; and the equation of state (relating density to temperature and concentration of dissolved and suspended solids). Additional equations and simplifications such as the water surface equation and changes to the pressure gradient term are shown. Many of the assumptions that are made in water quality models are discussed and shown. Typical water quality source-sink terms for temperature, dissolved oxygen, algae, and nutrients are listed. A summary of some typical water quality models for lakes and reservoirs is shown. Two case studies showing how models can predict temperature and dissolved oxygen dynamics in stratified reservoirs are shown. The brief summary looks at ways to improve water quality and hydrodynamic models of lakes and reservoirs

Amaila Falls Hydroelectric Project Model Development and Scenarios

The focus of this present study is to perform the following tasks: * Develop a hydrodynamic and water quality model of the reservoir formed by the Amaila Falls Hydroelectric Project * Develop and run modeling scenarios Water quality model simulations of the 23.3 km2 reservoir for Amaila Falls Hydroelectric Project were conducted for low, average, and high flow years. A scenario with no vegetation removed from the reservoir for an average flow was also simulated. Conditions downstream of the reservoir were also modeled using a river model. The model used for the reservoir formed by Amaila Falls Hydroelectric Project is the public domain model, CE-QUAL-W2

Gravity Drainage Prior to Cake Filtration

During the initial stages of a Buchner funnel or specific resistance test, gravity drainage occurs prior to application of the pressure differential. Some allow time for a small cake to form by gravity drainage. Filtrate data from the gravity drainage period can be used to determine constitutive properties of the cake under a hydrostatic pressure gradient. The constitutive properties that define the structure of the cake include the permeability and porosity as functions of the applied stress. Equations governing the drainage rate during a gravity filtration experiment assuming a constant and a non-constant average cake permeability and cake porosity were developed. Numerical solutions were shown predicting the gravity drainage rate given known constitutive relationships. Also, a procedure was shown illustrating how constitutive relationships could be determined using gravity drainage data

A Unique Volume Balance Approach for Verifying the Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Numerical Models in Surface Waterbody Simulation

The hydrodynamic numerical modeling is increasingly becoming a widely used tool for simulating the surface waterbodies including rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. A challenging step in any model development is the verification tests, especially at the early stage of development. In this study, a unique approach was developed by implementing the volume balance principle in order to verify the three-dimensional hydrodynamic models for surface waterbody simulation. A developed and verified three-dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, called W3, was employed by setting a case study model to be verified using the volume balance technique. The model was qualified by calculating the error in the accumulated water volume within the domain every time step. Results showed that the volume balance reached a constant error over the simulation period, indicating a robust model setup

Modeling Cyanotoxin Production, Fate, and Transport in Surface Water Bodies Using CE-QUAL-W2

Cyanobacteria are frequently associated with forming toxic blooms. The toxins produced by cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, are harmful to both humans and animals. Rising temperatures due to global climate change are expected to increase the occurrence of cyanobacteria, and it is vital that we protect our drinking water supplies and natural water resources. Modeling the production, fate, and transport of these toxins is an important step in limiting exposure to them and evaluating management strategies to mitigate their impact. The research provided here offers an overview of some of the main cyanotoxins of concern and presents preliminary models for the transport and fate of these toxins. Cyanotoxins can be either intracellular or extracellular, and a model for each was developed. The models were incorporated into the two-dimensional (longitudinal and vertical) hydrodynamic and water quality model CE-QUAL-W2. The toxin models were tested using a model of Henry Hagg Lake (Oregon, USA). The models were able to produce similar trends as found in published data, but since the toxin data available at Henry Hagg Lake was minimal, no direct comparisons between model results and field data were made. Four scenarios were conducted to test the functionality of the toxin models in CE-QUAL-W2. The predicted results from each test scenario matched the expected outcomes based on the parameters used in each scenario. Further applications of the toxin models to other water bodies with more consistent toxin data will help verify the accuracy of the models. This research provides a first step at modeling cyanotoxins using CE-QUAL-W2 and provides a framework to further develop the models through continued research of the cyanotoxins

Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup and Calibration for 2001 and 2004

As a result of a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) study of the Spokane River in Washington, a hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Spokane River was developed by Portland State University (PSU) for the Corps of Engineers and the Washington Department of Ecology from the Washington-Idaho state line to the outlet of Long Lake. An earlier study of the Spokane River was undertaken by Limno-Tech (2001a, 2001b) for the domain shown in Figure 3. Limno-Tech used an earlier version of CE-QUAL-W2, Version 2, for the Reservoir portion of the Spokane River from Post Falls Dam to Coeur d’Alene Lake and a steady-state EPA model, QUAL2E, for the riverine section from Post Falls Dam to the Idaho-Washington State Line. The steady-state QUAL2E model was not adequate to deal with flow and water quality dynamics. Hence, the riverine portion of the model and the reservoir portion were both upgraded to CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1. PSU developed the CE-QUAL-W2 model, but did not have adequate data for model calibration. The set-up of this model was described in the following report: * Wells et al. (2003) - Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup for 2001 Because of the necessity of looking at the entire river basin, a model using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 of the Idaho portion of the Spokane River model was developed to assess water quality management strategies for the Idaho side of the Spokane River. The objective of this study was to use new field data from 2001 and 2004 to improve the model calibration for the Idaho portion of the Spokane River and reevaluate the work done by Wells et al. (2003)

Upper Spokane River Model: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup, 1991 and 2000

The Washington Department of Ecology is interested in a water quality model for the Upper Spokane River system for use in developing Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). The goals of this modeling effort are to: • Gather data to construct a computer simulation model of the Spokane River system including Long Lake Reservoir and the pools behind Nine Mile dam, Upper Falls dam and Upriver dam • Ensure that the model accurately represents the system hydrodynamics and water quality (flow, temperature, dissolved oxygen and nutrient dynamics) A hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3 (Wells, 1997), is being applied to model the Spokane River system. CE-QUAL-W2 is a two dimensional (longitudinal-vertical), laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model that has been under development by the Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiments Station (Cole and Wells, 2000). In order to model the system, the following data were required: • Spokane River flow, water level and water quality data at the upstream system boundary (the State of Idaho boundary) • Tributary inflows and water quality • Meteorological conditions • Bathymetry of the Spokane River, the dam pools along the river, and Long Lake Reservoir • Point source (wastewater treatment plants, WWTPs) inflows and water quality characteristics Data have been primarily collected from 1991 to 1992 and again during 2000. This report summarizes the data used in the modeling effort

Upper Spokane River Model in Idaho: Boundary Conditions and Model Setup for 2001

The Spokane River in Idaho originates in Coeur d’Alene Lake (Figure 1 and Figure 2). The section of the Spokane River from Coeur d’Alene Lake to the Washington state line is the subject of a water quality study for the US Environmental Protection Agency. The objective of this study is to create a water quality and hydrodynamic model of the Spokane River in Idaho using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 (Cole and Wells, 2002). Since the Spokane River is water quality limited, a hydrodynamic and water quality model for the Spokane River in Washington was developed by Portland State University for the Corps of Engineers and the Washington Department of Ecology from the Idaho border to the outlet of Long Lake. An earlier study of the Spokane River was undertaken by Limno-Tech (2001a, 2001b) for the domain shown in Figure 3. Limno-Tech used an earlier version of CE-QUAL-W2, Version 2, for the Reservoir portion of the Spokane River from Post Falls Dam to Coeur d’Alene Lake and a steady-state EPA model, QUAL2E, for the riverine section from Post Falls Dam to the Idaho-Washington border. The steady-state QUAL2E model was not adequate to deal with flow and water quality dynamics. Hence, the riverine portion of the model and the reservoir portion were both upgraded to CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1. Because of the necessity of looking at the entire water basin, a model using CE-QUAL-W2 Version 3.1 of the Idaho portion of the Spokane River model was developed to assess water quality management strategies for the Idaho side of the Spokane River

Integration of an Extended Octagonal Ring Transducer and Soil Coulterometer for Identifying Soil Compaction

The soil coulterometer is an on-the-go electro-mechanical system which collects impedance force data at multiple depths using an oscillating coulter. During the initial testing (summer 2006), only vertical soil impedance force data was collected using a pressure sensor. To improve the performance of the coulterometer, an extended octagonal ring transducer was integrated into the system to collect both the horizontal and vertical impedance forces given by the soil. In the summer of 2007, data was collected using the revised sensor from a typical central Kentucky field setting in a 0.8-ha (2-acre) plot. Four passes were made with the coulterometer. Seventy five coulter oscillations between depths of 100 mm (4 in.) and 305 mm (12 in.) were obtained for each pass. Ten standard cone penetrometer measurements were taken for each pass between depths of 100 mm (4 in.) and 305 mm (12 in.) using a multi-probe soil cone penetrometer. Three soil bulk density and water content measurements between depths of 100 mm (4 in.) and 305 mm (12 in.) in steps of 50 mm (2 in.) were taken for each pass using a nuclear soil moisture/density gauge. Simple linear regression analysis was used to find the relationship between coulter indices (kN/m), cone index (MPa), dry soil bulk density (Mg/m3) and water content (%).Coefficients of determination (R2) as high as 0.996 were obtained between coulter indices and dry soil bulk density measurements and 0.998 for coulter indices and water content measurements